The Risk of Multimorbidity Associated with Overweight and Obesity: Data from the Brazilian National Health Survey 2013.

BACKGROUND: An increase in body mass index (BMI) is strongly associated with the occurrence of multimorbidity, and overweight and obesity are contributing factors for the increase in morbidities. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of multimorbidity and associated factors in Brazilian adults with and without overweight or obesity. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study with data from the National Health Survey (2013) including individuals aged 18 years or older. Multimorbidity was defined as having ≥2 diseases from the list of 15 morbidities on the self-reported questionnaire (self-reported medical diagnosis in life). BMI was categorized as: ≤24.9 kg/m2 (low weight and eutrophy), 25.0-29.9 kg/m2 (overweight), and ≥30.0 kg/m2 (obesity). Sex, age, and schooling were the covariates. Poisson regression was used for crude and adjusted analyses for the variables representing access to health services estimating the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: The total sample consisted of 59,402 individuals. The prevalence of multimorbidity was 25% overall and was higher among overweight (25.8%) and obese (32.5%) individuals. Obese women 60 years or older had a higher occurrence of multimorbidity (80%). In the adjusted analysis, a lower prevalence of multimorbidity was observed among those with higher educational levels in all BMI classifications: low weight/eutrophy, PR=0.66 (95% CI, 0.58-0.75); overweight, PR=0.62 (95% CI, 0.56-0.70); and obesity, PR=0.75 (95% CI, 0.67-0.85). CONCLUSION: A higher prevalence of multimorbidity was found among obese women who were 60 years of age or older. Schooling was an associated factor regardless of BMI.

Impact of a drug dispensing model at a Community Pharmacy in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil

Although dispensing of medication has been addressed by theoretical models, studies that confirm the impact of this service are still needed. The objective was to evaluate the impact of a new model of medicine dispensing system on patients' medication knowledge, adherence to treatment and satisfaction. One hundred and four patients attending the dispensing service of a community pharmacy between 21 January 2013 and 20 April 2013 were included in this intervention study. The impact of the service on patients' medication knowledge, adherence to treatment and satisfaction was assessed by using validated questionnaires at two time points: at the moment of medication dispensing and 30 days thereafter by telephone contact. Statistical analysis was performed by McNemar's test, and a p<0.05 was set as statistically significant. The number of patients showing insufficient knowledge about medications decreased by 50% (p < 0.05), and the number of those showing sufficient knowledge was three times greater (p < 0.05) after medicine dispensing. A high level of satisfaction was observed. Improvement of medication adherence, however, was not observed. The proposed system model for drug dispensing improved patients' knowledge about medication and satisfaction

Validation of the STOP-Bang questionnaire as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults in Brazil / Validação do questionário STOP-Bang para a identificação de apneia obstrutiva do sono em adultos no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To validate the Portuguese-language version of the STOP-Bang (acronym for Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender) questionnaire, culturally adapted for use in Brazil, as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults. Methods: In this validation study, we enrolled patients ≥ 18 years of age, recruited between May of 2015 and November of 2016. All patients completed the STOP-Bang questionnaire and underwent overnight polysomnography. To evaluate the performance of the questionnaire, we used contingency tables and areas under the (receiver operating characteristic) curve (AUCs). Results: We included 456 patients. The mean age was 43.7 ± 12.5 years, and 291 (63.8%) of the patients were male. On the basis of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), we categorized OSA as mild/moderate/severe (any OSA; AHI ≥ 5 events/h), moderate/severe (AHI ≥ 15 events/h), or severe (AHI ≥ 30 events/h). The overall prevalence of OSA was 78.3%, compared with 52.0%, and 28.5% for moderate/severe and severe OSA, respectively. The most common score on the STOP-Bang questionnaire was 4 points (n = 106), followed by 3 points (n = 85) and 5 points (n = 82). An increase in the score was paralleled by a reduction in sensitivity with a corresponding increase in specificity for all AHI cut-off points. The AUCs obtained for the identification of any, moderate/severe, and severe OSA were: 0.743, 0.731, and 0.779, respectively. For any OSA, the score on the questionnaire (cut-off, ≥ 3 points) presented sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83.5%, 45.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. Conclusions: The STOP-Bang questionnaire performed adequately for OSA screening, indicating that it could be used as an effective screening tool for the disorder.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar a validação da versão brasileira do questionário STOP-Bang (acrônimo em inglês para Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender) para a identificação de apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) em adultos. Métodos: Neste estudo de validação, foram incluídos pacientes com idade ≥ 18 anos, recrutados entre maio de 2015 e novembro de 2016. Todos os pacientes completaram o questionário STOP-Bang e foram submetidos a polissonografia de noite inteira. O índice de apneias e hipopneias (IAH) foi calculado. Foram utilizadas tabelas de contingência e a área sob a curva (ASC) ROC para avaliar o desempenho do questionário. Resultados: Foram incluídos 456 pacientes. A média de idade foi de 43,7 ± 12,5 anos, e 291 (63,8%) dos pacientes eram homens. Com base no IAH, a AOS foi classificada em leve/moderada/grave (AOS, independentemente da gravidade; IAH ≥ 5 eventos/h), cuja prevalência foi de 78,3%; moderada/grave (IAH ≥ 15 eventos/h), cuja prevalência foi de 52,0%; e grave (IAH ≥ 30 eventos/h), cuja prevalência foi de 28,5%. A pontuação mais frequentemente obtida no STOP-Bang foi 4 (n = 106), seguida de 3 (n = 85) e 5 (n = 82). O aumento da pontuação obtida no STOP-Bang (pontuação máxima: 8) resultou em redução da sensibilidade e aumento correspondente da especificidade em todos os pontos de corte do IAH (≥ 5, ≥ 15 e ≥ 30 eventos/h). A ASC para a identificação de AOS, AOS moderada/grave e AOS grave foi de 0,743, 0,731 e 0,779, respectivamente. Para a identificação de AOS, a pontuação no STOP-Bang (valor de corte ≥ 3) apresentou sensibilidade de 83,5%, especificidade de 45,5% e acurácia de 75,2%. Conclusões: O questionário STOP-Bang mostrou-se adequado para identificar AOS e pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para o diagnóstico do transtorno.

Effectiveness of nutritional treatment and synbiotic use on gastrointestinal symptoms reduction in HIV-infected patients: Randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Gastrointestinal symptoms are among the most frequent reported complaints by people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHA). Treatments that aim to attenuate these symptoms are important to avoid low adherence to antiretroviral therapy and to improve the quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional treatment and synbiotic use in PLWHA on reducing gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial nested to an outpatient cohort was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of two treatments for gastrointestinal symptoms reduction in adult patients with antiretroviral therapy presenting at least one gastrointestinal symptom: 1) nutritional treatment + placebo (6 g maltodextrin) and 2) nutritional treatment + synbiotic (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains + 6 g fructooligosaccharides). Placebo and synbiotic were consumed twice a day during six months. The primary outcome variable was percentage reduction in the incidence of diarrhea, and secondary outcomes the decrease in the incidence of nausea and/or vomiting, dyspepsia, heartburn, constipation, flatulence, and the presence of three or more gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: Out of 283 patients evaluated for eligibility, 64 met inclusion criteria to enter in this study with 1:1 allocation ratio. Both analyzed groups were homogeneous regarding sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle variables at baseline. In the intergroup analysis, no difference was found between groups except for heartburn, which had a higher reduction in the placebo group (0.01). Regarding the intragroup analysis, in the placebo group a significant decrease in diarrhea (p = 0.02) and heartburn (p < 0.01) were observed while there was a significant reduction for nausea e/or vomit (p = 0.01), dyspepsia (p = 0.10), diarrhea (p = 0.01) and constipation (p = 0.08) in the synbiotic group. CONCLUSIONS: Diarrhea decreased in both groups, but no statistical difference between treatments was observed. The use of synbiotic appeared to reduce a greater number of symptoms although there were no statistical differences in the intergroup analysis. This clinical trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02180035).

Validation of the STOP-Bang questionnaire as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To validate the Portuguese-language version of the STOP-Bang (acronym for Snoring, Tiredness, Observed apnea, high blood Pressure, Body mass index, Age, Neck circumference, and Gender) questionnaire, culturally adapted for use in Brazil, as a means of screening for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults. METHODS: In this validation study, we enrolled patients ≥ 18 years of age, recruited between May of 2015 and November of 2016. All patients completed the STOP-Bang questionnaire and underwent overnight polysomnography. To evaluate the performance of the questionnaire, we used contingency tables and areas under the (receiver operating characteristic) curve (AUCs). RESULTS: We included 456 patients. The mean age was 43.7 ± 12.5 years, and 291 (63.8%) of the patients were male. On the basis of the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), we categorized OSA as mild/moderate/severe (any OSA; AHI ≥ 5 events/h), moderate/severe (AHI ≥ 15 events/h), or severe (AHI ≥ 30 events/h). The overall prevalence of OSA was 78.3%, compared with 52.0%, and 28.5% for moderate/severe and severe OSA, respectively. The most common score on the STOP-Bang questionnaire was 4 points (n = 106), followed by 3 points (n = 85) and 5 points (n = 82). An increase in the score was paralleled by a reduction in sensitivity with a corresponding increase in specificity for all AHI cut-off points. The AUCs obtained for the identification of any, moderate/severe, and severe OSA were: 0.743, 0.731, and 0.779, respectively. For any OSA, the score on the questionnaire (cut-off, ≥ 3 points) presented sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 83.5%, 45.5%, and 75.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The STOP-Bang questionnaire performed adequately for OSA screening, indicating that it could be used as an effective screening tool for the disorder.

Obesity and its Association with Food Consumption, Diabetes Mellitus, and Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly / Obesidade em Idosos e sua Associação com Consumo Alimentar, Diabetes Mellitus e Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio

Abstract Background: Obesity affects a large part of elderly individuals worldwide and is considered a risk predictor for the development of chronic diseases such as cardiac diseases, the leading causes of death in the elderly population. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated factors, with emphasis on the occurrence of other diseases and on food consumption in elderly individuals treated at the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). Methods: Cross-sectional sampling study performed in the city of Goiânia (Brazil) including elderly individuals (≥ 60 years) receiving primary care. During home visits, we performed anthropometric measurements and applied a structured, standardized, and pre-tested questionnaire assessing socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle conditions, occurrence of diseases, and food consumption. We performed multiple Poisson regression analysis using a hierarchical model and adopting a significance level of 5%. Results: We evaluated 418 elderly patients with a mean age of 70.7 ± 7 years. Their body mass indices had a mean value of 27.0 kg/m2 and were higher in women than in men (27.4 kg/m2 versus 26.1 kg/m2, respectively, p = 0.017). Obesity had a prevalence of 49.0%, a risk 1.87 times higher between the ages of 60-69 years and 70-79 years, and a rate 1.4 times higher among individuals with more than four morbidities. On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with obesity were age 60-69 and 70-79 years, inadequate consumption of whole-wheat grains and adequate consumption of fruit, musculoskeletal diseases, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction. Conclusions: Obesity had a high prevalence in the evaluated elderly population and was associated with food consumption, musculoskeletal disease, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction.

Resumo Fundamento: A obesidade atinge uma grande parcela de idosos em todo o mundo e é considerada preditora de risco para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas, como as doenças cardíacas, as principais causas de óbito na população idosa. Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência de obesidade e fatores associados, com ênfase na presença de outras doenças e no consumo alimentar, em idosos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Métodos: Estudo transversal, por amostragem, realizado no município de Goiânia, Brasil. Foram incluídos idosos (≥ 60 anos) atendidos na rede de atenção básica. Durante visitas domiciliares, foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e aplicação de questionário estruturado, padronizado e pré-testado sobre condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, estilo de vida, presença de doenças e consumo alimentar. Realizou-se regressão de Poisson múltipla a partir de um modelo hierárquico, adotando-se um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 418 idosos com idade média de 70,7 ± 7 anos. O índice de massa corporal apresentou um valor médio de 27,0 kg/m2 e esteve mais elevado nas mulheres do que nos homens (27,4 kg/m2 x 26,1 kg/m2, respectivamente, p = 0,017). A obesidade teve prevalência de 49,0%, risco 1,87 vezes maior entre as idades de 60-69 anos e 70-79 anos, e taxa 1,4 vezes maior nos indivíduos com mais de quatro morbidades. Em análise multivariada, os fatores associados à obesidade foram idade de 60-69 e 70-79 anos, consumo inadequado de cereais integrais e adequado de frutas, doenças osteomusculares, diabetes mellitus e infarto agudo do miocárdio. Conclusões: A obesidade teve elevada prevalência na população idosa estudada e esteve associada com consumo alimentar, doença osteomuscular, diabetes mellitus e infarto agudo do miocárdio.

Obesity and its Association with Food Consumption, Diabetes Mellitus, and Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Elderly.

BACKGROUND: Obesity affects a large part of elderly individuals worldwide and is considered a risk predictor for the development of chronic diseases such as cardiac diseases, the leading causes of death in the elderly population. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of obesity and associated factors, with emphasis on the occurrence of other diseases and on food consumption in elderly individuals treated at the Brazilian Unified Health System (Sistema Único de Saúde, SUS). METHODS: Cross-sectional sampling study performed in the city of Goiânia (Brazil) including elderly individuals (≥ 60 years) receiving primary care. During home visits, we performed anthropometric measurements and applied a structured, standardized, and pre-tested questionnaire assessing socioeconomic, demographic and lifestyle conditions, occurrence of diseases, and food consumption. We performed multiple Poisson regression analysis using a hierarchical model and adopting a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: We evaluated 418 elderly patients with a mean age of 70.7 ± 7 years. Their body mass indices had a mean value of 27.0 kg/m2 and were higher in women than in men (27.4 kg/m2 versus 26.1 kg/m2, respectively, p = 0.017). Obesity had a prevalence of 49.0%, a risk 1.87 times higher between the ages of 60-69 years and 70-79 years, and a rate 1.4 times higher among individuals with more than four morbidities. On multivariate analysis, the factors associated with obesity were age 60-69 and 70-79 years, inadequate consumption of whole-wheat grains and adequate consumption of fruit, musculoskeletal diseases, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity had a high prevalence in the evaluated elderly population and was associated with food consumption, musculoskeletal disease, diabetes mellitus, and acute myocardial infarction.

Medication dispensing as an opportunity for patient counseling and approach to drug-related problems

ABSTRACT The objective was to describe and evaluate a model of drug dispensing developed and implemented in a community pharmacy in Brazil. This was a descriptive, observational, quasi-experimental study performed in the period between 21 January 2013 and 20 April 2013. The model was evaluated and described in terms of three parameters: structure, process and outcome. The description and assessment of each parameter was performed as follows: (I) Structure: profile of patients, pharmacist's professional profile, physical facility, informational material; (II) Process: drug-related problems, pharmaceutical interventions performed, results of pharmaceutical interventions; (III) Outcome: patient knowledge of medications. Dispensing service improved patient knowledge of medications (p < 0.05), which was associated with pharmacotherapy complexity (p < 0.05). The main problems identified were related to lack of patient knowledge regarding their medication (52.9%). Pharmaceutical interventions were mostly performed directly to the patients (86.3%) by verbal (95.4%) and written (68.2%) information, and most of the problems were completely solved (62.7%). The medicine dispensing model was able to identify and solve drug-related problems and promote an improvement in patient knowledge about medication.

RESUMO O objetivo foi descrever e avaliar um modelo de serviço de dispensação de medicamentos desenvolvido e implantado em uma Farmácia Comunitária no Brasil. Trata-se de restudo descritivo, observacional e quase-experimental, realizado no período de 21 de janeiro a 20 de abril de 2013. A descrição e avaliação do modelo foi realizada segundo os parâmetros: estrutura, processo e resultado.Os aspectos descritos e avaliados foram: 1. Estrutura: perfil dos pacientes, perfil profissiográfico dos farmacêuticos, estrutura física, material de informação; 2. Processo: problemas relacionados ao medicamento detectados, intervenções farmacêuticas realizadas, resultados das intervenções farmacêuticas; 3. Resultado: conhecimento do pacientes sobre os medicamentos utilizados. A dispensação proporcionou melhora do conhecimento do paciente sobre os medicamentos (p < 0,05), que demonstrou-se associada à complexidade da farmacoterapia (p < 0,05). Foram identificados majoritariamente problemas relacionados à falta de condições do paciente em utilizar o medicamento (52,94%). As intervenções farmacêuticas foram realizadas predominantemente junto ao paciente (86,27%) através do fornecimento de informações verbais (95,4%) e escritas (68,2%) e, em sua maioria, o problema que originou a intervenção foi totalmente resolvido (62,75%).O serviço foi capaz de identificar e resolver os problemas relacionados ao medicamento e contribuiu para a melhoria do conhecimento dos pacientes relativo aos medicamentos utilizados.

Binge eating prevalence according to obesity degrees and associated factors in women / Prevalência de compulsão alimentar periódica conforme grau de obesidade e fatores associados em mulheres

Objective Investigate binge eating (BE) prevalence in women according to the obesity degree and assess the associated factors. Methods Cross-sectional study with female adults presenting body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2. The analyzed variables were: sociodemographics, health status, obesity history, lifestyle, eating behavior and obesity degree. In order to analyse BE it was used the Binge Eating Scale (BES), which is considered positive when BES ≥ 18 points. Prevalence and prevalence ratios (PR) were calculated with confidence intervals (CI) of 95%. Multivariate analysis was carried out using Poisson regression. Results BE prevalence was 53.2%, and the prevalence in super superobese women (BMI ≥ 60 kg/m2) was 75%. After multivariate analysis, associations were observed between the age group 40-49 years old (PR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2-3.4) and the “snacking habit” (PR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.2-2.9). Conclusion The prevalence of BE in severe obese women was high. Association with the “snacking habit” can be a BE marker that should be monitored in the severely obese individuals that fit this profile. .

Objetivo Investigar a prevalência de compulsão alimentar periódica (CAP) em mulheres conforme grau de obesidade e avaliar os fatores associados. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com adultas e índice de massa corporal (IMC) ≥ 35 kg/m2. Variáveis analisadas: sociodemográficas, condições de saúde, história de obesidade, estilo de vida, comportamento alimentar e grau de obesidade. Para análise da CAP, foi utilizada Escala de Compulsão Alimentar Periódica, sendo CAP aquelas com ≥ 18 pontos. Calcularam-se prevalência e razões de prevalências, com intervalos de confiança de 95%. Realizou análise multivariada pela regressão de Poisson. Resultados A prevalência de CAP foi de 53,2%, sendo a prevalência em super superobesas (IMC ≥ 60 kg/m2) de 75%. Após análise multivariada, foram associadas idade de 40 a 49 anos (RP = 2,0; IC 95% = 1,2-3,4) e “hábito de beliscar” (RP = 1,9; IC 95% = 1,2-2,9). Conclusão A prevalência de CAP em obesas graves foi elevada. A associação com “hábito de beliscar” pode ser um marcador de CAP, devendo ser monitorado em obesas graves com esse perfil. .

Correlação e associação de renda e escolaridade com condições de saúde e nutrição em obesos graves / Correlation and association of income and educational level with health and nutritional conditions among the morbidly obese

O objetivo deste artigo é investigar relações entre renda e escolaridade com condições de saúde e nutrição em obesos graves. Estudo transversal ambulatorial com 79 pacientes de primeira consulta, com Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) ≥ 35 kg/m2 e idade ≥ 20 anos. Coletaram-se dados: sociodemográficos, antropométricos, estilo de vida, exames bioquímicos e consumo alimentar. O IMC médio foi 48,3 ± 6,9 kg/m2. Observou-se correlação negativa significante de escolaridade com variáveis peso (r = -0,234) e IMC (r = -0,364) e de renda familiar per capita com consumo diário de vegetal A (r = -0,263). Após análise multivariada maior renda familiar per capita se associou à ausência de cardiopatia (RP: 0,51, IC95%: 0,32-0,81), maior consumo diário de vegetal A (RP: 1,79, IC95%: 1,16-2,75) e doces (RP: 3,12, IC95%: 1,21-8,04). Em obesos graves a maior renda familiar per capita se associou à ausência de cardiopatia e maior consumo de vegetais folhosos e doces. Já a escolaridade não se manteve associada às condições de saúde e nutrição.

This article seeks to investigate the relationship between income and educational level and health and nutritional conditions among the morbidly obese. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 79 patients at first appointment, with Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2 and age ≥ 20 years. The following data was collected: demographic, socioeconomic, anthropometric, lifestyle, biochemical and food intake data. Average BMI was 48.3 ± 6.9 kg/m2. There was a significant negative correlation between education level and the variables of weight (r = -0.234) and BMI (r = -0.364) and per capita family income with daily consumption of leafy vegetables (r = -0.263). After multivariate analysis, higher per capita family income was associated with the absence of heart disease (PR: 0.51, CI95%: 0.32-0.81), higher daily consumption of leafy vegetables (PR: 1.79, CI95%: 1.16-2.75) and candy (PR: 3.12, CI95%: 1.21-8.04). In the morbidly obese, per capita household income was associated with absence of heart disease and higher consumption of leafy vegetables and candy. On the other hand, education level was not associated with health and nutrition conditions.

Perfil dos agravos relacionados ao trabalho notificados no Rio Grande do Norte, 2007 a 2009 / Profile of work-related injuries reported in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, 2007-2009 / Perfil de los agravamientos relacionados al trabajo notificados en Rio Grande do Norte, 2007 a 2009

Objetivo: descrever o perfil dos agravos relacionados ao trabalho notificados no estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, de 2007 a 2009. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação do Centro de Referência em Saúde do Trabalhador. Resultados: dos 167 municípios, 40,1 por cento tiveram notificações de doenças e agravos, entre acidentes biológicos (53,7 por cento), acidentes graves (38,4 por cento), distúrbios oesteomusculares (3,1 por cento), intoxicações exógenas (2,6 por cento), transtornos mentais (1,5 por cento), pneumoconioses (0,5 por cento) e dermatoses (0,2 por cento); entre acidentados, predominaram trabalhadores do sexo masculino (53,7 por cento), de 25 a 44 anos de idade (62,1 por cento), escolaridade até o Ensino Médio (25,9 por cento), com emprego registrado (23,9 por cento); incapacidades temporárias corresponderam a 32,0 por cento dos registros. Conclusão: evidenciou-se o perfil e o impacto das doenças e agravos ocupacionais no estado e a importância de dados consistentes e oportunos para seu monitoramento sistemático e o planejamento das ações em Saúde do Trabalhador...

Objective: to describe the epidemiological profile of notified work-related health problems in Rio Grande do Norte State, Brazil, 2007-2009. Methods: this was a descriptive study using Occupational Health Reference Center data kept on the Notifiable Diseases Information System. Results: 40.1 per cent of the 167 municipalities notified occupational diseases, as follows: biological accidents (53.7 per cent), serious accidents (38.4 per cent), Musculoskeletal Disorders (3.1 per cent), exogenous poisoning (2.6 per cent), mental disorders (1.5 per cent), pneumoconiosis (0.5 per cent) and dermatoses (0.2 per cent). The most affected were male workers (53.7 per cent), people aged 25-44 (62.1 per cent), those with middle school education (25.9 per cent) and those having formal employment (23.9 per cent). 32.0 per cent of cases reported temporary incapacity. Conclusion: the profile and impact of occupational injuries and diseases in the State were revealed, as was the importance of consistent and timely data for their systematic monitoring and planning of Occupational Health actions...

OBJETIVO: describir el perfil de los agravamientos relacionados al trabajo notificados en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, de 2007 a 2009.MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, con datos del Sistema de Información de Agravamientos de Notificación del Centro de Referencia en la Salud del Trabajador.RESULTADOS: de los 167 municipios, 40,1% tuvieron notificación de enfermedades y agravamientos, entre accidentes biológicos (53,7%), accidentes graves (38,4%), molestias osteomusculares (3,1%), intoxicaciones exógenas (2,6%), trastornos mentales (1,5%), neumoconiosis (0,5%) y dermatosis (0,2%); entre accidentados, predominaron trabajadores del sexo masculino (53,7%), de 25 a 44 años de edad (62,1%), escolaridad hasta la Enseñanza Secundaria (25,9%), con empleo registrado (23,9%); incapacidades temporales correspondieron a 32,0% de los registros.CONCLUSIÓN: se evidenció el perfil y el impacto de las enfermedades y agravamientos ocupacionales en el estado y la importancia de datos consistentes y oportunos para su monitoreo sistemático y para la planificación de las acciones en la Salud del Trabajador...

Prevalence and factors associated with Metabolic Syndrome in elderly users of the Unified Health System / Prevalência e fatores associados à Síndrome Metabólica em idosos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in the elderly. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, with 133 individuals randomly selected in the Unified Health System in Goiania, Goiás. The following variables were researched: anthropometric (BMI, waist circumference, fat percentage by Dual X-ray absorptiometry), sociodemographic (gender, age, color, income, marital status and years of schooling), lifestyle (physical activity, smoking and risk alcohol consumption) and food intake (risk and protective foods). The metabolic syndrome was assessed according to harmonized criteria proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The combinations were tested by Poisson regression for confounding factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 58.65% (95%CI 49.8 - 67.1), with 60.5% (95%CI 49.01 - 71.18) for females and 55.7% (95%CI 41.33 - 69.53) for males. Hypertension was the most prevalent component of the syndrome in both men, with 80.8% (95%CI 64.5 - 90.4), and women, with 85.2% (95%CI 75.5 - 92.1). After the multivariate analysis, only the excess of weight measured by body mass index (prevalence ratio = 1.66; p < 0.01) remained associated with the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this sample was high, indicating the need for systematic actions by health workers in the control of risk factors through prevention strategies and comprehensive care to the elderly. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados à síndrome metabólica em idosos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal que incluiu 133 idosos, selecionados aleatoriamente entre os usuários da atenção básica do Sistema Único de Saúde em Goiânia, Goiás. Foram pesquisadas variáveis antropométricas (índice de massa corporal, circunferência da cintura e percentual de gordura por meio da Dual X-ray absorptiometry), sociodemográficas (sexo, idade, cor, renda, estado civil e anos de estudo), de estilo de vida (prática de atividade física, tabagismo e consumo alcoólico de risco) e consumo alimentar (alimentos protetores e de risco). A síndrome metabólica foi avaliada segundo o critério harmonizado proposto pela OMS. As associações foram testadas por meio da regressão de Poisson, para o controle dos fatores de confusão. RESULTADOS: A prevalência da síndrome metabólica encontrada foi de 58,65% (IC95% 49,8 - 67,1), sendo 60,5 % (IC95% 49,01 - 71,18) para as mulheres e 55,7% (IC95% 41,33 - 69,53) para homens. A hipertensão arterial foi o componente da síndrome mais prevalente tanto para homens, 80,8 % (IC95% 64,5 - 90,4), quanto para mulheres, 85,2 % (IC95% 75,5 - 92,1). Após análise multivariada, apenas o excesso de peso corporal medido pelo Índice de Massa Corporal (razão de prevalência = 1,66; p < 0,01), permaneceu associado à síndrome metabólica. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de síndrome metabólica nesta amostra foi alta, evidenciando a necessidade de atuação sistemática dos profissionais de saúde no controle dos fatores de risco, por meio de estratégias de prevenção e atenção integral ao idoso. .

Prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in elderly users of the Unified Health System.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with metabolic syndrome in the elderly. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, with 133 individuals randomly selected in the Unified Health System in Goiania, Goiás. The following variables were researched: anthropometric (BMI, waist circumference, fat percentage by Dual X-ray absorptiometry), sociodemographic (gender, age, color, income, marital status and years of schooling), lifestyle (physical activity, smoking and risk alcohol consumption) and food intake (risk and protective foods). The metabolic syndrome was assessed according to harmonized criteria proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). The combinations were tested by Poisson regression for confounding factors. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 58.65% (95%CI 49.8 - 67.1), with 60.5% (95%CI 49.01 - 71.18) for females and 55.7% (95%CI 41.33 - 69.53) for males. Hypertension was the most prevalent component of the syndrome in both men, with 80.8% (95%CI 64.5 - 90.4), and women, with 85.2% (95%CI 75.5 - 92.1). After the multivariate analysis, only the excess of weight measured by body mass index (prevalence ratio = 1.66; p < 0.01) remained associated with the metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in this sample was high, indicating the need for systematic actions by health workers in the control of risk factors through prevention strategies and comprehensive care to the elderly.

[Self-assessment of health by older Brazilians: systematic review of the literature]. / Autoavaliação da saúde por idosos brasileiros: revisão sistemática da literatura.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on self-assessment of health status in the elderly population. METHODS: Medline and LILACS were searched following the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Original articles on self-assessment of health status conducted with older Brazilians were selected. The following were examined: general characteristics of the studies, the prevalence of negative self-assessment of health, the factors associated with this negative self-assessment, the question used to inquire about health status and response categories. RESULTS: Of 97 studies identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Variations between the studies regarding the formulation of the question and answer choices were identified. The prevalence of negative health self-assessment ranged from 12.6 to 51.9% between studies. The most usual dependent variables associated with negative self-assessment of health were the presence of disease, number of medications, monthly family/household income, hospitalizations, medical office visits, difficulty/inability to perform activities of daily living, presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and complaints of insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of factors associated with a negative self-evaluation indicates that the health of older individuals is defined by determinants that fall within a broad view of health. The standardization of questions and answers for research on self-assessment of health in older people is recommended, since this information will produce knowledge and allow monitoring and comparison of results, and will therefore be useful in guiding decision-making regarding the formulation of health policies for Brazil and Latin America.

Autoavaliação da saúde por idosos brasileiros: revisão sistemática da literatura / Self-assessment of health by older Brazilians: systematic review of the literature

OBJETIVO: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre autoavaliação do estado de saúde na população idosa brasileira. MÉTODOS: Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Medline e LILACS, conforme a metodologia PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Foram incluídos artigos originais sobre a autoavaliação do estado de saúde realizados com idosos brasileiros. Foram consideradas as características gerais dos estudos, a prevalência de autoavaliação negativa da saúde, os fatores associados a essa autoavaliação negativa, a pergunta utilizada para a consulta e as categorias de resposta. RESULTADOS: Dos 97 estudos encontrados, 11 atenderam os critérios de inclusão. Foram identificadas variações entre os estudos quanto à formulação da pergunta e às opções de resposta. A prevalência de autoavaliação negativa de saúde variou de 12,6 a 51,9% entre os estudos. As variáveis dependentes predominantemente associadas a autoavaliação negativa de saúde foram: presença de doenças, número de medicamentos em uso, renda familiar/domiciliar mensal, internações, consultas médicas, dificuldade/incapacidade para atividades de vida diária, presença de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos e queixa de insônia. CONCLUSÕES: A heterogeneidade de fatores associados à autoavaliação negativa indica que a saúde dos idosos é definida por determinantes que se aproximam do conceito ampliado de saúde. É recomendável a padronização das perguntas e respostas de pesquisa sobre autoavaliação de saúde em idosos, já que essas informações possibilitarão conhecer, acompanhar e comparar resultados para orientar a tomada de decisão no tocante à formulação de políticas de saúde para a Brasil e a América Latina.

OBJECTIVE: To conduct a systematic review of the literature on self-assessment of health status in the elderly population. METHODS: Medline and LILACS were searched following the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Original articles on self-assessment of health status conducted with older Brazilians were selected. The following were examined: general characteristics of the studies, the prevalence of negative self-assessment of health, the factors associated with this negative self-assessment, the question used to inquire about health status and response categories. RESULTS: Of 97 studies identified, 11 met the inclusion criteria. Variations between the studies regarding the formulation of the question and answer choices were identified. The prevalence of negative health self-assessment ranged from 12.6 to 51.9% between studies. The most usual dependent variables associated with negative self-assessment of health were the presence of disease, number of medications, monthly family/household income, hospitalizations, medical office visits, difficulty/inability to perform activities of daily living, presence of depressive and anxiety symptoms, and complaints of insomnia. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of factors associated with a negative self-evaluation indicates that the health of older individuals is defined by determinants that fall within a broad view of health. The standardization of questions and answers for research on self-assessment of health in older people is recommended, since this information will produce knowledge and allow monitoring and comparison of results, and will therefore be useful in guiding decision-making regarding the formulation of health policies for Brazil and Latin America.

[Estimated mammogram coverage in Goiás State, Brazil]. / Estimativas da cobertura mamográfica no Estado de Goiás, Brasil.

This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate mammogram coverage in the State of Goiás, Brazil, describing the supply, demand, and variations in different age groups, evaluating 98 mammography services as observational units. We estimated the mammogram rates by age group and type of health service, as well as the number of tests required to cover 70% and 100% of the target population. We assessed the association between mammograms, geographical distribution of mammography machines, type of service, and age group. Full coverage estimates, considering 100% of women in the 40-69 and 50-69-year age brackets, were 61% and 66%, of which the Brazilian Unified National Health System provided 13% and 14%, respectively. To achieve 70% coverage, 43,424 additional mammograms would be needed. All the associations showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). We conclude that mammogram coverage is unevenly distributed in the State of Goiás and that fewer tests are performed than required.

Estimativas da cobertura mamográfica no Estado de Goiás, Brasil / Estimated mammogram coverage in Goiás State, Brazil

Este estudo transversal objetivou estimar a cobertura da mamografia no Estado de Goiás, Brasil, descrevendo sua oferta, demanda e variações para as diversas faixas etárias, tendo como unidades de observação 98 serviços de mamografia. Foram estimados as frequências de realização da mamografia por faixa etária e tipo de sistema de saúde, bem como o número de exames necessários para a cobertura de 70 por cento e 100 por cento da população-alvo. Foi avaliada a associação entre a realização da mamografia, a distribuição geográfica dos mamógrafos, o tipo de atendimento e a faixa etária. As estimativas de cobertura total para 100 por cento das mulheres nas faixas etárias de 40-69 anos e de 50-69 anos foram de 61 por cento e 66 por cento, tendo o Sistema Único de Saúde contribuído com 13 por cento e 14 por cento, respectivamente. Para atingir 70 por cento de cobertura, seria necessário realizar 43.424 mamografias adicionais. Todas as associações apresentaram diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,001). Conclui-se que a cobertura da mamografia está distribuída de maneira desigual no Estado de Goiás e o número de exames realizados é inferior ao necessário.

This cross-sectional study aimed to estimate mammogram coverage in the State of Goiás, Brazil, describing the supply, demand, and variations in different age groups, evaluating 98 mammography services as observational units. We estimated the mammogram rates by age group and type of health service, as well as the number of tests required to cover 70 percent and 100 percent of the target population. We assessed the association between mammograms, geographical distribution of mammography machines, type of service, and age group. Full coverage estimates, considering 100 percent of women in the 40-69 and 50-69-year age brackets, were 61 percent and 66 percent, of which the Brazilian Unified National Health System provided 13 percent and 14 percent, respectively. To achieve 70 percent coverage, 43,424 additional mammograms would be needed. All the associations showed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001). We conclude that mammogram coverage is unevenly distributed in the State of Goiás and that fewer tests are performed than required.

[Risk and protective factors for breast cancer: a systematic review]. / Fatores de risco e de proteção para câncer de mama: uma revisão sistemática.

This review aimed to investigate risk and protective factors for breast cancer and to analyze whether scientific evidence from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, published in 2007, was confirmed by new research. In May 2010 we reviewed cohort and case-control analytical studies from 2007 to 2010 in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. We selected 27 articles (14 case-control and 13 cohort studies). Breastfeeding and physical activity were protective factors against breast cancer, and alcohol consumption was a risk factor. A direct proportional relationship was observed between larger waist circumference, weight throughout adulthood, and height and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The association between body fat and breast cancer is contradictory in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. According to the accumulated evidence, breastfeeding and healthy lifestyle are the factors most strongly associated with breast cancer prevention.

Fatores de risco e de proteção para câncer de mama: uma revisão sistemática / Risk and protective factors for breast cancer: a systematic review

O objetivo desta revisão foi investigar alguns fatores de risco e de proteção para câncer de mama e analisar se as evidências científicas estabelecidas pelo World Cancer Research Fund e American Institute for Cancer Research e publicadas em 2007 foram confirmadas por estudos mais recentes. Em maio de 2010 foi realizada uma revisão sistemática de estudos coorte e caso-controle publicados entre 2007 e 2010, nas bases PubMed, LILACS e SciELO. Foram selecionados 27 artigos, sendo 13 caso-controles e 14 coortes. As práticas de lactação e de atividade física constituem fatores de proteção para o câncer de mama, e o consumo de bebida alcoólica, fator de risco. Observa-se relação diretamente proporcional entre o aumento da circunferência da cintura, do peso ao longo da vida adulta e da estatura, e risco de câncer de mama na pós-menopausa. A associação entre gordura corporal e câncer de mama é contraditória, na pré- e na pós-menopausa. Até o presente momento, é possível inferir que a melhor forma de prevenção do câncer de mama é a amamentação e a adoção de um estilo de vida saudável.

This review aimed to investigate risk and protective factors for breast cancer and to analyze whether scientific evidence from the World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, published in 2007, was confirmed by new research. In May 2010 we reviewed cohort and case-control analytical studies from 2007 to 2010 in the PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO databases. We selected 27 articles (14 case-control and 13 cohort studies). Breastfeeding and physical activity were protective factors against breast cancer, and alcohol consumption was a risk factor. A direct proportional relationship was observed between larger waist circumference, weight throughout adulthood, and height and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The association between body fat and breast cancer is contradictory in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women. According to the accumulated evidence, breastfeeding and healthy lifestyle are the factors most strongly associated with breast cancer prevention.

[Weight and height validation for diagnosis of adult nutritional status in southern Brazil]. / Validação do peso e altura referidos para o diagnóstico do estado nutricional em uma população de adultos no Sul do Brasil.

This study evaluated the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) based on self-reported weight and height for predicting adult nutritional status. In a cross-sectional study of 3,934 adults (> 20 years) in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, a sub-sample of 140 individuals was drawn and weight and height were measured. From the comparison between "measured" and "reported" BMI, the average reported BMI error was estimated and the associated factors were identified. Regardless of nutritional status, women underestimated their "reported" BMI, while in men this information was accurate. Among women, age and income were associated with underestimated BMI in a multivariate analysis. Thus, women over 50 and with lower income underestimated BMI by more than 2 kg/m2. The use of "reported" BMI to predict adult nutritional status can underestimate prevalence of obesity and overestimate that of overweight in women. Correction minimizes this kind of bias, thereby making the data more accurate.